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punishment [punishments]▼(act of punishing)noun[UK: ˈpʌ.nɪ.ʃmənt] [US: ˈpʌ.nɪ.ʃmənt]
sanction [sanctions]▼(penalty or coercive measure)noun[UK: ˈsæŋk.ʃn̩] [US: ˈsæŋk.ʃn̩]
penology▼(study of punishment and prevention of crime)noun[UK: piː.ˈnɒ.lə.dʒi] [US: pi.ˈnɑː.lə.dʒi]
penal▼(of or relating to punishment)adjective[UK: ˈpiːn.l̩] [US: ˈpiːn.l̩]
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